17.180.30 (Optical measuring instruments) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D3321-13 现场试验测定含水发动机冷却剂冻结点用折射计使用的标准试验方法

4.1 This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions. 4.2 The hand-held refractometer should be calibrated before use (see Section 7). 4.3 Care must be taken to use the correct glycol freezing point scale for the glycol type being measured. Use of the wrong glycol scale can result in freezing point errors of 18 and more degrees Fahrenheit. 4.4 Ethylene glycol/propylene glycol mixtures will result in inaccurate freezing point measurements using either freezing point scale. 1.1 This test method covers the use of a portable refractometer for determining the approximate freezing protection provided by ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant solutions as used in engine cooling systems and special applications. Note 1—Some instruments have a supplementary freezing protection scale for methoxypropanol coolants. Others carry a supplemental scale calibrated in density or specific gravity readings of sulfuric acid solutions so that the refractometer can be used to determine the charged condition of lead acid storage batteries. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

ASTM D6122-13 多变量联机和实验室基于红外分光光度计的分析仪系统的性能确认的标准实施规程

5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the user to validate numerical values produced by a multivariate, infrared or near-infrared laboratory or process (online or at-line) analyzer calibrated to measure a specific chemical concentration, chemical property, or physical property. The validated analyzer results are expected to be equivalent, over diverse samples whose spectra are neither outliers or nearest neighbor inliers, to those produced by the primary test method to within control limits established by control charts for the prespecified statistical confidence level. 5.2 Procedures are described for verifying that the instrument, the model, and the analyzer system are stable and properly operating. 5.3 A multivariate analyzer system inherently utilizes a multivariate calibration model. In practice the model both implicitly and explicitly spans some subset of the population of all possible samples that could be in the complete multivariate sample space. The model is applicable only to samples that fall within the subset population used in the model construction. A sample measurement cannot be validated unless applicability is established. Applicability cannot be assumed. 5.3.1 Outlier detection methods are used to demonstrate applicability of the calibration model for the analysis of the process sample spectrum. The outlier detection limits are based on historical as well as theoretical criteria. The outlier detection methods are used to establish whether the results obtained by an analyzer are potentially valid. The validation procedures are based on mathematical test criteria that indicate whether the process sample spectrum is within the range spanned by the analyzer system calibration model. If the sample spectrum is an outlier, the analyzer result is invalid. If the sample spectrum is not an outlier, then the analyzer result is valid providing that all other requirements for validity are met. Additional, optional tests may be performed to determine if the process sample spectrum falls in a sparsely populated region of the multivariate space covered by the calibration set, too far from neighboring calibration spectra to ensure good interpolation. For example, such nearest neighbor tests are recommended if the calibration sample spectra are highly clustered. 5.3.2 This practice does not define mathematical criteria to determine from a spectroscopic measurement of a sample whether the sample, the model, or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria in the outlier detection method to determine whether a sample measurement lies within the expected calibration space, but will not have specific information as to the cause of the outlier without additional testing. 1.1 This practice covers requirements for the validation of measurements made by laboratory or process (online or at-line) near- or mid-infrared analyzers, or both, used in the calculation of physical, chemical, or quality parameters (that is, properties) of liquid petroleum products. The properties are calculated from spectroscopic data using multivariate modeling methods. The requirements include verification of adequate instrument performance, verification of the applicability of the calibration model to the spectrum of the sample under test, and verification of equivalence between the result calculated from the......

Standard Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multivariate Online, At-Line, and Laboratory Infrared Spectrophotometer Based Analyzer Systems

ASTM E958-13 评估紫外可见分光光度仪光谱带宽的标准实施规程

4.1 These practices should be used by a person who develops an analytical method to ensure that the spectral bandwidths cited in the practice are actually the ones used.Note 2—The method developer should establish the spectral bandwidths that can be used to obtain satisfactory results. 4.2 These practices should be used to determine whether a spectral bandwidth specified in a method can be realized with a given spectrophotometer and thus whether the instrument is suitable for use in this application. If accurate absorbance measurements are to be made on compounds with sharp absorption bands (natural half band widths of less than 15 nm) the spectral bandwidth of the spectrometer used should be better than 1/8th of the natural half band width of the compound’s absorption. 4.3 These practices allow the user of a spectrophotometer to estimate the actual spectral bandwidth of the instrument under a given set of conditions and to compare the result to the spectral bandwidth calculated from data given in the manufacturer's literature or indicated by the instrument. 1.1 This practice describes procedures for estimating the spectral bandwidth of a spectrophotometer in the wavelength region of 185 to 820 nm. 1.2 These practices are applicable to all modern spectrophotometer designs utilizing computer control and data handling. This includes conventional optical designs, where the sample is irradiated by monochromatic light, and ‘reverse’ optic designs coupled to photodiode arrays, where the light is separated by a polychromator after passing through the sample. For spectrophotometers that utilize servo-operated slits and maintain a constant period and a constant signal-to-noise ratio as the wavelength is automatically scanned, and/or utilize fixed slits and maintain a constant servo loop gain by automatically varying gain or dynode voltage, refer to the procedure described in Annex A1. This procedure is identical to that described in earlier versions of this practice. 1.3 This practice does not cover the measurement of limiting spectral bandwidth, defined as the minimum spectral bandwidth achievable under optimum experimental conditions. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Estimation of the Spectral Bandwidth of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers

ASTM D6216-12 证明与设计及性能规范一致的不透明监测仪生产商用标准操作规程

5. Significance and UseTop Bottom 5.1 Continuous opacity monitors are required to be installed at many stationary sources of air pollution by federal, state, and local air pollution control agency regulations. EPA regulations regarding the design and performance of opacity monitoring systems for sources subject to ???Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources??? are found in 40 CFR 60, Subpart A General Provisions, ??60.13 Monitoring Provisions, Appendix B, Performance Specification 1, and in applicable source-specific subparts. Many states have adopted these or very similar requirements for opacity monitoring systems. 5.2 Regulated industrial facilities are required to report continuous opacity monitoring data to control agencies on a periodic basis. The control agencies use the data as an indirect measure of particulate emission levels and as an indicator of the adequacy of process and control equipment operation and maintenance practices. 5.3 EPA Performance Specification 1 provides minimum specifications for opacity monitors and requires source owners or operators of regulated facilities to demonstrate that their installed systems meet certain design and performance specifications. Performance Specification 1 adopts this ASTM practice by reference so that manufacturers can demonstrate conformance with certain design specifications by selecting and testing representative instruments. 5.4 Experience demonstrated that EPA Performance Specification 1 prior to the August 10, 2000 revisions did not address all of the important design and performance parameters for opacity monitoring systems. The additional design and performance specifications included in this practice are needed to eliminate many of the performance problems that were previously encountered. This practice also provides purchasers and vendors flexibility, by designing the test procedures for basic transmissometer components or opacity monitors, or in certain cases, complete opacity monitoring systems. However, the specifications and test procedures are also sufficiently detailed to support the manufacturer's certification and to facilitate independent third party evaluations of the procedures used. 5.5 Purchasers of opacity monitoring equipment meeting all of the requirements of this practice are assured that the opacity monitoring equipment meets all of the applicable requirements of EPA Performance Specification 1 for which the manufacturer can certify conformance. Purchasers can rely on the manufacturer's published operating range specifications for ambient temperature and supply voltage. These purchasers are also assured that the specific instrument has been tested at the point of manufacture and demonstrated to meet the manufacturer's performance specifications for instrument response time, calibration error (based on pathlength measurements provided by the end user), optical alignment, and the spectral response performance check requirement. Conformance with the requirements of this practice ensures conformance with all of the requirements of 40 CFR 60, Appendix B, Performance Specification 1 except those requirements for whic......

Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications

ASTM D3321-12 现场试验测定含水发动机冷却剂冻结点用折射计使用的标准试验方法

This practice is commonly used by vehicle service personnel to determine the freezing point, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, of aqueous solutions of commercial ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant. A durable hand-held refractometer is available that reads the freezing point, directly, in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit, when a few drops of engine coolant are properly placed on the temperature-compensated prism surface of the refractometer. This refractometer is for glycol and water solutions, and is not suitable for other coolant solutions. The hand-held refractometer should be calibrated before use (see Section 7). Care must be taken to use the correct glycol freezing point scale for the glycol type being measured. Use of the wrong glycol scale can result in freezing point errors of 18 and more degrees Fahrenheit. Ethylene glycol/propylene glycol mixtures will result in inaccurate freezing point measurements using either freezing point scale.1.1 This test method covers the use of a portable refractometer for determining the approximate freezing protection provided by ethylene and propylene glycol-based coolant solutions as used in engine cooling systems and special applications. Note 18212;Some instruments have a supplementary freezing protection scale for methoxypropanol coolants. Others carry a supplemental scale calibrated in density or specific gravity readings of sulfuric acid solutions so that the refractometer can be used to determine the charged condition of lead acid storage batteries. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Use of the Refractometer for Field Test Determination of the Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants

ASTM D7726-11 使用各种浊度计技术测量水中浊度的标准指南

Turbidity is a measure of scattered light that results from the interaction between a beam of light and particulate material in a liquid sample. Particulate material is typically undesirable in water from a health perspective and its removal is often required when the water is intended for consumption. Thus, turbidity has been used as a key indicator for water quality to assess the health and quality of environmental water sources. Higher turbidity values are typically associated with poorer water quality. 5.1.1 Turbidity is also used in environmental monitoring to assess the health and stability of water-based ecosystems such as in lakes, rivers and streams. In general, the lower the turbidity, the healthier the ecosystem. Turbidity measurement is a qualitative parameter for water but its traceability to a primary light scatter standard allows the measurement to be applied as a quantitative measurement. When used as a quantative measurement, turbidity is typically reported generically in turbidity units (TU’s). Turbidity measurements are based on the instruments’ calibration with primary standard reference materials. These reference standards are traceable to formazin concentrate (normally at a value of 4000 TU). The reference concentrate is linearly diluted to provide calibration standard values. Alternative standard reference materials, such as SDVB co-polymer or stabilized formazin, are manufactured to match the formazin polymer dilutions and provide highly consistent and stable values for which to calibrate turbidity sensors. When used for regulatory compliance reporting, specific turbidity calibration standards may be required. The user of this method should check with regulatory entities regarding specifics of allowable calibration standard materials. The traceability to calibrations from different technologies (and other calibration standards) to primary formazin standards provides for a basis for defined turbidity units. This provides equivalence in the magnitude of the turbidity unit between the different measurement technologies when they are all calibrated on standards that are traced to primary formazin. This means that a TU is equivalent in its magnitude to a nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), and all other units as described in this guide. See Table 1. Turbidity is not an inherent property of the sample, such as temperature, but in part is dependent on the technology used to derive the value. Even though the magnitude of turbidity units are equivalent and are based on turbidity standards, the units do not maintain this equivalence when measurement of samples is practiced. Turbidity standards are generally free of interferences and samples are not. Depending on the type of technology employed for measurement, the magnitude of the different interferences on a given sample can differ significantly with respect to the different measurement technologies. The user of a turbidity technology should expect to observe a lack of measurement equivalence across different turbidity measurement designs when common samples are analyzed. See Section 6 on interferences. Depending on the application, some instruments are calibrated on a sample that has been characterized (or defined) by some independent means. The calibration may include one or more samples that have been characterized with respect to the application of its use. See Test Method . Turbidity is not a quantative measure of any chemical or physical property of water. Different expected interactions between a given measurement technology and a given sample with a unique combination of interferences can significantly impact the final turbidity result. As stated in 5.3, depending on the technology used, the result will differ. It is imperative to provide a linkage of metadata that is reflective of the design type (i.........

Standard Guide for The Use of Various Turbidimeter Technologies for Measurement of Turbidity in Water

ASTM E1767-11 指定描述材料外观观察和测量几何体的标准操作规程

This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.

Standard Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of Materials

ASTM E2808-11 法医着色分析中的显微分光光度法测色法标准指南

Paint sample colors can be measured by reflectance (visible range) or transmission (UV-Vis) for comparison purposes. Transmission measurements are especially necessary for the analysis of UV absorbers in clear coats, the identification of pigments, and the detailed analysis of effect pigments that are not opaque. This guide is designed to assist an analyst in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison, or identification of paint pigments and colors. It is not the intention of this guide to present comprehensive theories and methods of MSP. It is necessary that the analyst have an understanding of UV-VIS MSP and general concepts of specimen preparation before using this guide. This information is available from manufacturers’ reference materials, training courses, and references such as “Visible Microscopical Spectrophotometry in the Forensic Sciences” and “The Role of Colour and Microscopic Techniques for the Characterisation of Paint Fragments.” 1.1 This guide is intended to assist individuals and laboratories that conduct forensic visible and ultraviolet (UV) spectral analyses on small fragments of paint using Guide E1610. 1.2 This guide deals primarily with color measurements within the visible spectral range but will also include some details concerning measurements in the UV range. 1.3 This guide does not address other areas of color evaluation such as paint surface texture or paint pigment particle size, shape, or dispersion within a paint film that are evaluated by other forms of microscopy. Other techniques such as spectral luminescence, fluorescence, and near infrared (NIR) are not included in this guide because of their limited use, lack of validation, or established efficacy in forensic paint analysis. 1.4 This guide is directed at the color analysis of commercially prepared paints and coatings. It does not address the analysis or determination of provenance of artistic, historical, or restorative paints, but it may be found useful in those fields. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic Paint Analysis

ASTM D6122-10 多变量联机和实验室基于红外分光光度计的分析仪系统的性能确认的标准实施规程

The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the user to validate numerical values produced by a multivariate, infrared or near-infrared laboratory or process (online or at-line) analyzer calibrated to measure a specific chemical concentration, chemical property, or physical property. The validated analyzer results are expected to be equivalent, over diverse samples whose spectra are neither outliers or nearest neighbor inliers, to those produced by the primary test method to within control limits established by control charts for the prespecified statistical confidence level. Procedures are described for verifying that the instrument, the model, and the analyzer system are stable and properly operating. A multivariate analyzer system inherently utilizes a multivariate calibration model. In practice the model both implicitly and explicitly spans some subset of the population of all possible samples that could be in the complete multivariate sample space. The model is applicable only to samples that fall within the subset population used in the model construction. A sample measurement cannot be validated unless applicability is established. Applicability cannot be assumed. Outlier detection methods are used to demonstrate applicability of the calibration model for the analysis of the process sample spectrum. The outlier detection limits are based on historical as well as theoretical criteria. The outlier detection methods are used to establish whether the results obtained by an analyzer are potentially valid. The validation procedures are based on mathematical test criteria that indicate whether the process sample spectrum is within the range spanned by the analyzer system calibration model. If the sample spectrum is an outlier, the analyzer result is invalid. If the sample spectrum is not an outlier, then the analyzer result is valid providing that all other requirements for validity are met. Additional, optional tests may be performed to determine if the process sample spectrum falls in a sparsely populated region of the multivariate space covered by the calibration set, too far from neighboring calibration spectra to ensure good interpolation. For example, such nearest neighbor tests are recommended if the calibration sample spectra are highly clustered. This practice does not define mathematical criteria to determine from a spectroscopic measurement of a sample whether the sample, the model, or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria in the outlier detection method to determine whether a sample measurement lies within the expected calibration space, but will not have specific information as to the cause of the outlier without additional testing.1.1 This practice covers requirements for the validation of measurements made by laboratory or process (online or at-line) near- or mid-infrared analyzers, or both, used in the calculation of physical, chemical, or quality parameters (that is, properties) of liquid petroleum products. The properties are calculated from spectroscopic data using multivariate modeling methods. The requirements include verification of adequate instrument performance, verification of the applicability of the calibration model to the spectrum of the sample under test, and verification of equivalence between the result calculated from the infrared measurements and the result produced by the primary test method used for the development of the calibration model. When there is adequate variation in property level, the statistical methodology of Practice D6708 is used to provide general validation of this equivalence over the complete operating range of the analyzer. For cases where there is inadequate property variation, methodology for ......

Standard Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multivariate Online, At-Line, and Laboratory Infrared Spectrophotometer Based Analyzer Systems

ASTM D6122-09 多工艺红外分光光度计确认的标准实施规范

The primary purpose of this practice is to permit the user to validate numerical values produced by a multivariate, infrared or near-infrared, online, process analyzer calibrated to measure a specific chemical concentration, chemical property, or physical property. The validated analyzer results are expected to be equivalent, over diverse samples whose spectra are neither outliers or nearest neighbor inliers, to those produced by the primary test method to within control limits established by control charts for the prespecified statistical confidence level. Procedures are described for verifying that the instrument, the model, and the analyzer system are stable and properly operating. A multivariate analyzer system inherently utilizes a multivariate calibration model. In practice the model both implicitly and explicitly spans some subset of the population of all possible samples that could be in the complete multivariate sample space. The model is applicable only to samples that fall within the subset population used in the model construction. A sample measurement cannot be validated unless applicability is established. Applicability cannot be assumed. Outlier detection methods are used to demonstrate applicability of the calibration model for the analysis of the process sample spectrum. The outlier detection limits are based on historical as well as theoretical criteria. The outlier detection methods are used to establish whether the results obtained by an analyzer are potentially valid. The validation procedures are based on mathematical test criteria that indicate whether the process sample spectrum is within the range spanned by the analyzer system calibration model. If the sample spectrum is an outlier, the analyzer result is invalid. If the sample spectrum is not an outlier, then the analyzer result is valid providing that all other requirements for validity are met. Additional, optional tests may be performed to determine if the process sample spectrum falls in a sparsely populated region of the multivariate space covered by the calibration set, too far from neighboring calibration spectra to ensure good interpolation. For example, such nearest neighbor tests are recommended if the calibration sample spectra are highly clustered. This practice does not define mathematical criteria to determine from a spectroscopic measurement of a sample whether the sample, the model, or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria in the outlier detection method to determine whether a sample measurement lies within the expected calibration space, but will not have specific information as to the cause of the outlier without additional testing.1.1 This practice covers requirements for the validation of measurements made by online, process near- or mid-infrared analyzers, or both, used in the calculation of physical, chemical, or quality parameters (that is, properties) of liquid petroleum products. The properties are calculated from spectroscopic data using multivariate modeling methods. The requirements include verification of adequate instrument performance, verification of the applicability of the calibration model to the spectrum of the sample under test, and verification of equivalence between the result calculated from the infrared measurements and the result produced by the primary test method used for the development of the calibration model. When there is adequate variation in property level, the statistical methodology of Practice D 6708 is used to provide general validation of this equivalence over the complete operating range of the analyzer. For cases where there is inadequate property variation, methodology for level specific validation is used. 1.2 Performance Validation is conducted by calculating the prec......

Standard Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multivariate Process Infrared Spectrophotometers

ASTM E275-08 说明和测量紫外线可见分光光度计的性能的标准实施规程

This practice permits an analyst to compare the general performance of an instrument, as it is being used in a specific spectrophotometric method, with the performance of instruments used in developing the method.1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given application. 1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

ASTM E1832-08(2012) 说明和规定直流等离子光谱发射计特性的标准操作规程

1.1 This practice describes the components of a direct current plasma (DCP) atomic emission spectrometer. This practice does not attempt to specify component tolerances or performance criteria. This practice does, however, attempt to identify critical factors affecting bias, precision, and sensitivity. A prospective user should consult with the vendor before placing an order to design a testing protocol for demonstrating that the instrument meets all anticipated needs. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are give in Section 9.

Standard Practice for Describing and Specifying a Direct Current Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer

ASTM E275-08(2013) 说明和测量紫外线和可见分光光度计性能的标准操作规程

1.1 This practice covers the description of requirements of spectrophotometric performance, especially for test methods, and the testing of the adequacy of available equipment for a specific method (for example, qualification for a given application). The tests give a measurement of some of the important parameters controlling results obtained in spectrophotometric methods, but it is specifically not to be concluded that all the factors in instrument performance are measured, or in fact may be required for a given application. 1.1.1 This practice is primarily directed to dispersive spectrophotometers used for transmittance measurements rather than instruments designed for diffuse transmission and diffuse reflection. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers

ASTM D6216-07 证明与设计及性能规范一致的不透明监测仪生产商用标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying continuous opacity monitors. In the main part of this practice, it includes design and performance specifications, test procedures, and quality assurance requirements to ensure that continuous opacity monitors meet minimum design and calibration requirements, necessary in part, for accurate opacity monitoring measurements in regulatory environmental opacity monitoring applications subject to 10 % or higher opacity standards. In Annex A1, additional or alternative specifications are provided for certifying opacity monitors intended for use in applications where the opacity standard is less than 10 %, or where the user expects the opacity to be less than 10 % and elects to use the more restrictive criteria in Annex A1. In both cases, the error budgets for the opacity measurements are given in Appendix X1.1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original manufacturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, or resale of opacity monitors.1.3 Test procedures that specifically apply to the various equipment configurations of component equipment that comprise either a transmissometer, an opacity monitor, or complete opacity monitoring system are detailed in this practice.1.4 The specifications and test procedures contained in the main part of this practice have been adopted by reference by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). For each opacity monitor or monitoring system that the manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice, the manufacturer may issue a certificate that states that opacity monitor or monitoring system conforms with all of the applicable design and performance requirements of 40 CFR 60, Appendix B, Performance Specification 1 except those for which tests are required after installation.

Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications

ASTM E578-07(2013) 荧光测量系统的线性度的标准试验方法

3.1 The range of concentration of a fluorescing substance in solution over which the fluorescence varies linearly with the concentration is the range most useful for quantitative analysis. This range is affected by properties of the solution under analysis and by features of the measuring system. This test method provides a means of testing the performance of a fluorescence measuring system and of determining the concentration range over which the system is suitable for making a given quantitative analysis. 3.2 This test method is not meant for comparing the performance of different fluorescence measuring instruments. 1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the limits of the linearity of response with fluorescence intensity of fluorescence-measuring systems under operating conditions. Particular attention is given to slit widths, filters, and sample containers. This test method can be used to test the overall linearity under a wide variety of instrumental and sampling conditions. The results obtained apply only to the tested combination of slit width and filters, and the size, type and illumination of the sample cuvette, all of which must be stated in the report. The sources of nonlinearity may be the measuring electronics, excessive absorption of either the exciting or emitted radiation, or both, and the sample handling technique, particularly at low concentrations. 1.2 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing continuous and low-energy excitation sources (for example, an excitation source of 450-W electrical input or less). There is no assurance that extremely intense illumination will not cause photodecomposition of the compounds suggested in this test method.2 For this reason it is recommended that this test method not be indiscriminately employed with high-intensity light sources. It is not a test method to determine the linearity of response of other materials. If this test method is extended to employ other chemical substances, the principles within can be applied, but new material parameters, such as the concentration range of linearity, must be established. The user should be aware of the possibility that these other substances may undergo decomposition, or adsorption onto containers. 1.3 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing a single detector, that is, a photomultiplier tube or a single photodiode. It has not been demonstrated if this method is effective for photo-array instruments such as those using a CCD or a diode array detector. 1.4 This test method is applicable to 10-mm pathlength cuvette formats and instruments covering a wavelength range within 190 to 900 nm. The use of other sample formats has not been established with this test method. 1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence Measuring Systems

ASTM E578-07 荧光测量系统的线性度用标准试验方法

The range of concentration of a fluorescing substance in solution over which the fluorescence varies linearly with the concentration is the range most useful for quantitative analysis. This range is affected by properties of the solution under analysis and by features of the measuring system. This test method provides a means of testing the performance of a fluorescence measuring system and of determining the concentration range over which the system is suitable for making a given quantitative analysis. This test method is not meant for comparing the performance of different fluorescence measuring instruments.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the limits of the linearity of response with fluorescence intensity of fluorescence-measuring systems under operating conditions. Particular attention is given to slit widths, filters, and sample containers. This test method can be used to test the overall linearity under a wide variety of instrumental and sampling conditions. The results obtained apply only to the tested combination of slit width and filters, and the size, type and illumination of the sample cuvette, all of which must be stated in the report. The sources of nonlinearity may be the measuring electronics, excessive absorption of either the exciting or emitted radiation, or both, and the sample handling technique, particularly at low concentrations.1.2 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing continuous and low-energy excitation sources (for example, an excitation source of 450-W electrical input or less). There is no assurance that extremely intense illumination will not cause photodecomposition of the compounds suggested in this test method. For this reason it is recommended that this test method not be indiscriminately employed with high-intensity light sources. It is not a test method to determine the linearity of response of other materials. If this test method is extended to employ other chemical substances, the principles within can be applied, but new material parameters, such as the concentration range of linearity, must be established. The user should be aware of the possibility that these other substances may undergo decomposition, or adsorption onto containers.1.3 This test method has been applied to fluorescence-measuring systems utilizing a single detector, that is, a photomultiplier tube or a single photodiode. It has not been demonstrated if this method is effective for photo-array instruments such as those using a CCD or a diode array detector.1.4 This test method is applicable to 10-mm pathlength cuvette formats and instruments covering a wavelength range within 190 to 900 nm. The use of other sample formats has not been established with this test method.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linearity of Fluorescence Measuring Systems

ASTM D6122-06e1 多工艺红外分光光度计性能确认的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers requirements for the validation of measurements made by online, process near- or mid-infrared analyzers, or both, used in the calculation of physical, chemical, or quality parameters (that is, properties) of liquid petroleum products. The properties are calculated from spectroscopic data using multivariate modeling methods. The requirements include verification of adequate instrument performance, verification of the applicability of the calibration model to the spectrum of the sample under test, and verification of equivalence between the result calculated from the infrared measurements and the result produced by the primary test method used for the development of the calibration model. When there is adequate variation in property level, the statistical methodology of Practice D 6708 is used to provide general validation of this equivalence over the complete operating range of the analyzer. For cases where there is inadequate property variation, methodology for level specific validation is used.1.2 Performance Validation is conducted by calculating the precision and bias of the differences between results from the analyzer system (or subsystem) produced by application of the multivariate model, (such results are herein referred to as Predicted Primary Test Method Results (PPTMRs)), versus the Primary Test Method Results (PTMRs) for the same sample set. Results used in the calculation are for samples that are not used in the development of the multivariate model. The calculated precision and bias are statistically compared to user-specified requirements for the analyzer system application.1.2.1 For analyzers used in product release or product quality certification applications, the precision and bias requirement for the degree of agreement are typically based on the site or published precision of the Primary Test Method.Note 1In most applications of this type, the PTM is the specification-cited test method.1.2.2 This practice does not does not describe procedures for establishing precision and bias requirements for analyzer system applications. Such requirements must be based on the criticality of the results to the intended business application and on contractual and regulatory requirements. The user must establish precision and bias requirements prior to initiating the validation procedures described herein.1.3 This practice does not cover procedures for establishing the calibration model (correlation) used by the analyzer. Calibration procedures are covered in Practices E 1655 and references therein. 1.4 This practice is intended as a review for experienced persons. For novices, this practice will serve as an overview of techniques used to verify instrument performance, to verify model applicability to the spectrum of the sample under test, and to verify equivalence between the parameters calculated from the infrared measurement and the results of the primary test method measurement.1.5 This practice teaches and recommends appropriate statistical tools, outlier detection methods, for determining whether the spectrum of the sample under test is a member of the population of spectra used for the analyzer calibration. The statistical tools are used to determine if the infrared measurement results in a valid property or parameter estimate.1.6 The outlier detection methods do not define criteria to determine whether the sample or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus, the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria to determine that a spectral measurement lies outside the calibration, but will not have specific information on the cause of the outlier. This practice does suggest methods by which instrument performance tests can be used to indicate if the outlier methods are responding to changes in the instrument response.1.7 This practice is not intended as a quantitative performan......

Standard Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multivariate Process Infrared Spectrophotometers

ASTM D6122-06 多工艺红外分光光度计性能确认的标准实施规范

1.1 This practice covers requirements for the validation of measurements made by online, process near- or mid-infrared analyzers, or both, used in the calculation of physical, chemical, or quality parameters (that is, properties) of liquid petroleum products. The properties are calculated from spectroscopic data using multivariate modeling methods. The requirements include verification of adequate instrument performance, verification of the applicability of the calibration model to the spectrum of the sample under test, and verification of equivalence between the result calculated from the infrared measurements and the result produced by the primary test method used for the development of the calibration model. When there is adequate variation in property level, the statistical methodology of Practice D 6708 is used to provide general validation of this equivalence over the complete operating range of the analyzer. For cases where there is inadequate property variation, methodology for level specific validation is used.1.2 Performance Validation is conducted by calculating the precision and bias of the differences between results from the analyzer system (or subsystem) produced by application of the multivariate model, (such results are herein referred to as Predicted Primary Test Method Results (PPTMRs)), versus the Primary Test Method Results (PTMRs) for the same sample set. Results used in the calculation are for samples that are not used in the development of the multivariate model. The calculated precision and bias are statistically compared to user-specified requirements for the analyzer system application.1.2.1 For analyzers used in product release or product quality certification applications, the precision and bias requirement for the degree of agreement are typically based on the site or published precision of the Primary Test Method.Note 1In most applications of this type, the PTM is the specification-cited test method.1.2.2 This practice does not does not describe procedures for establishing precision and bias requirements for analyzer system applications. Such requirements must be based on the criticality of the results to the intended business application and on contractual and regulatory requirements. The user must establish precision and bias requirements prior to initiating the validation procedures described herein.1.3 This practice does not cover procedures for establishing the calibration model (correlation) used by the analyzer. Calibration procedures are covered in Practices E 1655 and references therein. 1.4 This practice is intended as a review for experienced persons. For novices, this practice will serve as an overview of techniques used to verify instrument performance, to verify model applicability to the spectrum of the sample under test, and to verify equivalence between the parameters calculated from the infrared measurement and the results of the primary test method measurement.1.5 This practice teaches and recommends appropriate statistical tools, outlier detection methods, for determining whether the spectrum of the sample under test is a member of the population of spectra used for the analyzer calibration. The statistical tools are used to determine if the infrared measurement results in a valid property or parameter estimate.1.6 The outlier detection methods do not define criteria to determine whether the sample or the instrument is the cause of an outlier measurement. Thus, the operator who is measuring samples on a routine basis will find criteria to determine that a spectral measurement lies outside the calibration, but will not have specific information on the cause of the outlier. This practice does suggest methods by which instrument performance tests can be used to indicate if the outlier methods are responding to changes in the instrument response.1.7 This practice is not intended as a quantitative performan......

Standard Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multivariate Process Infrared Spectrophotometers

ASTM E2387-05(2011) 测角光学散射量的标准实施规程

The angular distribution of scatter is a property of surfaces that may have direct consequences on an intermediate or final application of that surface. Scatter defines many visual appearance attributes of materials, and specification of the distribution and wavelength dependence is critical to the marketability of consumer products, such as automobiles, cosmetics, and electronics. Optically diffusive materials are used in information display applications to spread light from display elements to the viewer, and the performance of such displays relies on specification of the distribution of scatter. Stray-light reduction elements, such as baffles and walls, rely on absorbing coatings that have low diffuse reflectances. Scatter from mirrors, lenses, filters, windows, and other components can limit resolution and contrast in optical systems, such as telescopes, ring laser gyros, and microscopes. The microstructure associated with a material affects the angular distribution of scatter, and specific properties can often be inferred from measurements of that scatter. For example, roughness, material inhomogeneity, and particles on smooth surfaces contribute to optical scatter, and optical scatter can be used to detect the presence of such defects. The angular distribution of scattered light can be used to simulate or render the appearance of materials. Quality of rendering relies heavily upon accurate measurement of the light scattering properties of the materials being rendered.p>1.1 This practice describes procedures for determining the amount and angular distribution of optical scatter from a surface. In particular it focuses on measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF). BSDF is a convenient and well accepted means of expressing optical scatter levels for many purposes. It is often referred to as the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when considering reflective scatter or the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) when considering transmissive scatter.1.2 The BSDF is a fundamental description of the appearance of a sample, and many other appearance attributes (such as gloss, haze, and color) can be represented in terms of integrals of the BSDF over specific geometric and spectral conditions.1.3 This practice also presents alternative ways of presenting angle-resolved optical scatter results, including directional reflectance factor, directional transmittance factor, and differential scattering function.1.4 This practice applies to BSDF measurements on opaque, translucent, or transparent samples.1.5 The wavelengths for which this practice applies include the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. Difficulty in obtaining appropriate sources, detectors, and low scatter optics complicates its practical application at wavelengths less than about 0.2 m (200 nm). Diffraction effects start to become important for wavelengths greater than 15 m (15 000 nm), which complicate its practical application at longer wavelengths. Measurements pertaining to visual appearance are restricted to the visible wavelength region.1.6 This practice does not apply to materials exhibiting significant fluorescence.1.7 This practice applies to flat or curved samples of arbitrary shape. However, only a flat sample is addressed in the discussion and examples. It is the users responsibility to define an appropriate sample coordinate system to specify the measurement location on the sample surface and appropriate beam properties for samples that are not flat.1.8 This practice does not provide a method for ascribing the measured BSDF to any scattering mechanism or source.1.9 This practice does not provide a method to extrapolate data from one wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization to any other wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or......

Standard Practice for Goniometric Optical Scatter Measurements

ASTM E2387-05 测角光学散射测量的标准实施规程

The angular distribution of scatter is a property of surfaces that may have direct consequences on an intermediate or final application of that surface. Scatter defines many visual appearance attributes of materials, and specification of the distribution and wavelength dependence is critical to the marketability of consumer products, such as automobiles, cosmetics, and electronics. Optically diffusive materials are used in information display applications to spread light from display elements to the viewer, and the performance of such displays relies on specification of the distribution of scatter. Stray-light reduction elements, such as baffles and walls, rely on absorbing coatings that have low diffuse reflectances. Scatter from mirrors, lenses, filters, windows, and other components can limit resolution and contrast in optical systems, such as telescopes, ring laser gyros, and microscopes. The microstructure associated with a material affects the angular distribution of scatter, and specific properties can often be inferred from measurements of that scatter. For example, roughness, material inhomogeneity, and particles on smooth surfaces contribute to optical scatter, and optical scatter can be used to detect the presence of such defects. The angular distribution of scattered light can be used to simulate or render the appearance of materials. Quality of rendering relies heavily upon accurate measurement of the light scattering properties of the materials being rendered.p>1.1 This practice describes procedures for determining the amount and angular distribution of optical scatter from a surface. In particular it focuses on measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF). BSDF is a convenient and well accepted means of expressing optical scatter levels for many purposes. It is often referred to as the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when considering reflective scatter or the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) when considering transmissive scatter.1.2 The BSDF is a fundamental description of the appearance of a sample, and many other appearance attributes (such as gloss, haze, and color) can be represented in terms of integrals of the BSDF over specific geometric and spectral conditions.1.3 This practice also presents alternative ways of presenting angle-resolved optical scatter results, including directional reflectance factor, directional transmittance factor, and differential scattering function.1.4 This practice applies to BSDF measurements on opaque, translucent, or transparent samples.1.5 The wavelengths for which this practice applies include the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. Difficulty in obtaining appropriate sources, detectors, and low scatter optics complicates its practical application at wavelengths less than about 0.2 m (200 nm). Diffraction effects start to become important for wavelengths greater than 15 m (15 000 nm), which complicate its practical application at longer wavelengths. Measurements pertaining to visual appearance are restricted to the visible wavelength region.1.6 This practice does not apply to materials exhibiting significant fluorescence.1.7 This practice applies to flat or curved samples of arbitrary shape. However, only a flat sample is addressed in the discussion and examples. It is the users responsibility to define an appropriate sample coordinate system to specify the measurement location on the sample surface and appropriate beam properties for samples that are not flat.1.8 This practice does not provide a method for ascribing the measured BSDF to any scattering mechanism or source.1.9 This practice does not provide a method to extrapolate data from one wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization to any other wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or......

Standard Practice for Goniometric Optical Scatter Measurements